1. Where Do Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays Come From?
Photo credit: National Geographic
Our environment is constantly being hit by particles from high energy external space. These are called "cosmic rays". Although they do not cause much harm to humans, they have attracted physicists. Given the cosmic rays, we have been taught a lot about astrophysics and particle physics. But there are some who are most energy-those who are mysterious for this day.
In 1962, in the volcanic Ranch experiment, Dr. John D. Linsley and Livio Skarsi saw some incredible: A highly high energy cosmic ray with the energy of more than 16 jaws. To give you some perspective, a joule takes roughly the energy to take an apple on one table.
All concentrations of that energy are concentrated, however, one particle is less than 100 million billion times in comparison to apples. This means that it is very close to the speed of light!
Physicists still do not know how these particles get achieved by this incredible energy. Some principles include the idea that they can come from supernovae, when the stars explode at the end of their lives. The particles in the disks of matter falling around the black hole can also be sharp.
2. What’s At The Heart Of A Black Hole?
Black holes are the most celebrated objects in astrophysics. We can describe them as space-time areas with such strong gravitational fields, even the light can not escape. Ever since Albert Einstein showed that space and time "bends" with the theory of gravity general relativity, we know that light is not immune to gravitational effects. In fact, Einstein's theory was proved during a solar eclipse, which showed that the gravitational force of the Sun was removing away the rays away from the stars.
Since then, many black holes have been observed, in which the heart of our galaxy includes a large, supra-sensitive. (Do not worry. It will not swallow the sun soon.) But the mystery of what happens in the heart of the black hole is still unsettled. Some physicists thought that "singular" could happen - one point of infinite density is concentrated in some unlimited little space with some mass. hard to imagine. Worse, any unity in this theory leads to a black hole, so there is no way that we can see singular directly.
But the secret of what happens in the heart of the black hole is still not disturbed. Some physicists thought that "singular" could happen - with some density, a point of infinite density is concentrated in some unlimited little space. hard to imagine. Worse, any unity in this theory has moved towards the black hole, so there is no way that we can see the singular straight. The fact is, at least this time, to understand what is in the heart of black hole, sci-fi writers have estimated for decades whether they can be different universal or for teleportation or time travel. Can be used. When absorbed by a black hole, the atoms ("spagetification") are spread in a string, we are not volunteering to venture into and find out.
3. Can We Have A Unified Theory?
In the 20th century, two great principles were developed which explained a lot about physics. There was a quantum mechanics, which expanded how small, sub-particle particles behaved and interacted The standard model of quantum mechanics and particle physics has explained three of the four physical powers in nature: electromagnetic and strong and weak atomic forces. Its predictions are surprisingly accurate, even though people still debate about the philosophical effects of the theory.
The second great theory was Einstein's general relativity, which tells gravity. In general relativity, gravity occurs because the presence of mass bends space and time, due to which the particles have to follow the curved paths due to the exit of the shape. It can explain things that are the largest of the scales-the formation of galaxies and the stars' dance. There is only one problem. The two principles are incompatible. We can not explain gravity in such a way that it is understood with quantum mechanics, and the effects of quantum mechanics are not included in general relativity. As far as we can say, both the theories are correct. But they are not working together.
Since it was felt, physicists are working on some sort of solution that could be able to solve two principles. It is called the theory of Grand Unified Theory (GUT) or just everything. The theory of scientists is used for the idea of principles that work only within certain boundaries. For example, when you take a low speed limit of special relativity then Newton has the rules of motion. In addition, until Maxwell did not integrate them into electromagnetism, electricity and magnetism were considered completely different principles.
Physicists are expected to be able to "zoom out" and given that quantum mechanics and general relativity are part of a larger principle such as patch in a quilt. String theory is an attempt that can regenerate the characteristics of general relativity and quantum mechanics. But experimenting with its predictions is difficult to test, so it can not be confirmed. The discovery of a fundamental principle - which can explain everything - moves forward. Maybe we will never find it. But if physics has taught us anything, then that universe is really remarkable and always has new things to discover.
4. Can We Find A Way To Describe Turbulence?
To get back to Earth, there are still many things that happen in our everyday lives which are difficult to understand. Try playing with faucets in your home. If you slowly flowing water, then you are looking at solving physics-a type of flow which we think well, which is called "laminar flow". But if you turn the water under maximum pressure and watch it sputter and spirt, then you are seeing an example of unrest. In many ways, unrest in physics is still an unresolved problem.
Navire-Stokes equation determines how liquids like water and air flow. This equation is a bit like a force balance. We imagine that the fluid is broken into a small parcel of mass. Then the equation takes into account all those different forces that work on this parcel-gravity, friction, pressure and try to determine how to respond to the speed of the parcel.
For simple or steady flow, we can find solutions to the Navire-Stokes equation that fully describe the flow. Physicists can then write an equation which tells the velocity (speed and direction) of the fluid at any point in the flow. But for complex, turbulent flow, these solutions break down. We can still do a lot of science with turbulent flow by solving numerically equations with large computers. This gives us an approximate answer without a formula that fully describes how fluid is behaving. We thus anticipate weather forecast. But until we find those hidden solutions, our knowledge will be incomplete. Well, this is one of the unsolved Clay Institute award problems. So if you manage it, then you have a million dollars in it.
5. Is There Intelligent Life Out There?
People are dreaming of aliens till they saw in the night sky and wondered what could happen there. But in recent decades, we have discovered the tantalizing fragments of the evidence. For starters, planets are more common than people originally considered, most stars have planetary systems. We also know that the time difference between our planet is becoming intermittent and the life that emerged on it was quite small. Does it show that there is a possibility of life? If so, then we have a famous "Firmi Paradox": Why have not we communicated with the aliens so far? From wild to more depressed and worldly, Firmi has many solutions to contradictions. It really shows difficulty in reaching any good scientific conclusion when you have only one data point: we
We know that a wise life has developed on this planet (well, maybe this is debatable), which means that it can happen. But we do not know whether we got incredibly fortunate. Or perhaps there is something special about our planet that makes it extremely rare but suitable for hosting the life. Or perhaps the probability of starting life is very low, so there are some, if any, there are foreign civilizations. Austrianomer Frank Drake put together his "Dracon Equation" as a way to see all the different aspects of this problem. Each word represents a reason why we are not communicating with intelligent life.
Perhaps life is normal, but intelligent life is rare. Perhaps, after a while, all the civilizations decided to communicate with other life forms. They are out there, but they do not want to talk to us. Or, by silence, perhaps it shows that many foreign civilizations have destroyed themselves immediately after being adequately advanced to communicate technically. We can worry about nuclear weapons or on the earth with AI outside the control.
It has also been suggested that the lack of communication with aliens is proof that the world was created either by God or as part of computer simulation. It will explain why we are only. Cosmic gamers are playing in single player mode. The reality is that we are not seeing for so long, and the space is unimaginably huge. Signals can be easily lost, and a foreign civilization must send us a powerful radio signal to take it. But it is exciting to think that the discovery of a foreign civilization can happen tomorrow and forever change our understanding of the universe.
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